Chandrayaan-2 is
India's second lunar exploration mission after Chandrayaan-1. That will boldly
go where no country has ever gone before — the Moon’s south polar region.
1st space
mission to conduct a soft landing on the Moon's south polar region
1st Indian
expedition to attempt a soft landing on the lunar surface with home-grown
technology
1st Indian
mission to explore the lunar terrain with home-grown technology
4th country ever
to soft land on the lunar surface
Developed by the
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the mission was launched from the
second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 22 July 2019 at 2.43 PM IST
(09:13 UTC) to the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III
(GSLV Mk III). The planned orbit has a perigee of 170 km and an apogee of 45475
km.
The aim is to
improve our understanding of the Moon, which could lead to discoveries that
will benefit India and humanity as a whole. These insights and experiences will
cause a paradigm shift in how lunar expeditions are approached for years to
come, propelling further voyages into the farthest frontiers.
WHY MOON?
The Moon is the
closest cosmic body on which space discovery can be attempted and documented.
It is also a promising test bed to demonstrate technologies required for
deep-space missions. Chandrayaan 2 attempts to foster a new age of discovery,
increase our understanding of space, stimulate the advancement of technology,
promote global alliances, and inspire a future generation of explorers and
scientists.
The primary
objectives of Chandrayaan-2 are to demonstrate the ability to soft-land on the
lunar surface and operate a robotic rover on the surface. Scientific goals
include studies of lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, the lunar
exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice. The orbiter will map the lunar surface and
help to prepare 3D maps of it. The onboard radar will also map the surface
while studying the water ice in the south polar region and thickness of the
lunar regolith on the surface.
The GSLV Mk-III
will carry Chandrayaan 2 to its designated orbit. This three-stage vehicle is
India’s most powerful launcher to date, and is capable of launching 4-tonne
class of satellites to the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). Chandrayaan 2
will be aided in achieving its mission by some of India’s most advanced
engineering marvels. Its composite module, which comprises technology and
software developed across the country, includes a wholly indigenous rover and
our first lander capable of executing a ‘soft landing’. At the time of launch,
the Chandrayaan 2 Orbiter will be capable of communicating with the Indian Deep
Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu, as well as with the Vikram lander. The mission
life of the Orbiter is one year, during which it will be placed in a 100 x 100
km lunar polar orbit. Chandrayaan 2’s lander is named Vikram after Dr Vikram A
Sarabhai, the Father of the Indian Space Programme. It is designed to function
for one lunar day, which is equivalent to about 14 Earth days. Vikram has the
capability to communicate with IDSN at Byalalu near Bangalore, as well as with
the Orbiter and Pragyan rover. The lander is designed to execute a soft landing
on the lunar surface at a touchdown velocity of 2 metres per second. Landing
Site: High plain between two craters, Manzinus C and Simpelius N, at a latitude
of about 70.9° South 22.7° East Alternate Site: 67.7 ° South 18.4° West
Chandrayaan 2’s rover is a 6-wheeled robotic
vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to ‘wisdom’ in Sanskrit. It can
travel up to 500 m (0.5 km) at a speed of 1 centimetre per second, and
leverages solar energy for its functioning. It can communicate with the lander.
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